The Great Arab Conquests umd mobi chm 夸克云 免费 azw3 下载 pdf

Today’s Arab world was created at breathtaking speed. In just over 100 years following the death of Mohammed in 632, Arabs had subjugated a territory with an east-west expanse greater than the Roman Empire. They did it in about one-half the time. By the mid-8th century, Arab armies had conquered the 1000-year-old Persian Empire, reduced the Byzantine Empire to little more than a city-state based around Constantinople, and destroyed the Visigoth kingdom of Spain. The cultural and linguistic effects of this early Islamic expansion reverberate today. This is the first popular English-language account in many years of this astonishing remaking of the political and religious map of the world. Hugh Kennedy’s sweeping narrative reveals how the Arab armies conquered almost everything in their path, and brings to light the unique characteristics of Islamic rule. One of the few academic historians with a genuine talent for story telling, Kennedy offers a compelling mix of larger-than-life characters, fierce battles, and the great clash of civilizations and religions.

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Has studies Arabic at the Middle East Centre for Arabic Studies. Went on to read Arabic, Persian & History at Cambridge. Taught in the Department of Medieval History at St Andrews since 1972, and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2000).

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本书试图叙述世界历史上最重大的变革之一，这场变革造成的结果深刻地改变了我们当今的世界，我尝试着把它写得对学生和普通读者来说更有可读性，甚至更有趣味性一些。……但假如本书能够引起人们对所述重大事件的广泛思考，那么本书的目的也就达到了。

诗人就曾痛斥他在军事方面的无能：

你夜袭敌军，如同与女伴嬉闹

你掏出鸡巴，剑却还未出鞘。

在敌人眼里，你是风情万种的新娘

在我们看来，你是刺向我们的尖刀。

穆斯林征服的成功还要归功于当时独特的历史条件和新兴一神论信仰的传播。伊斯兰教拥有许多便于基督徒和犹太教徒理解接受的特点。它拥有一位先知、一部圣书、完善的祈祷文、饮食准则和家庭法。亚伯拉罕和耶稣在穆斯林传统观念中同样也是伟大的先知。伊斯兰教从一开始就作为一个独立的宗教发展起来，但它却宣称是过去一神论宗教的完善者，而非摧毁者。伊斯兰教并不像其他某些宗教（比如佛教）那样陌生，因此它与既有宗教的相似性和共同的宗教传统很可能也鼓励并促进了人们改变信仰。在很大程度上，穆斯林针对敌人的政策也使他们的统治被广为接受：毕竟绝大多数情况下，向入侵者投降，订立和约并上交贡赋总比顽抗到底更划算。假如政治层面的征服没有完成，伊斯兰化与阿拉伯化进程也就不会在征服结東的两到三个世纪之后出现，但这种转化并不是征服所直接导致的不可避免的结果，而是越来越多人自觉自愿地认同和参与当时的主导文化，渐渐以几乎完全和平的方式造成了伊斯兰化的普及。

许多新一代的叙利亚人并没有经历过拜占庭帝国的统治，也对其毫无记忆，自然也就没有理由效忠君士坦丁堡的政权。

战争还带来了一些短期影响，并进而引发了动乱的局面。…到阿拉伯军从麦地那开拔时，拜占庭帝国オ刚刚收复失地不过一两年，可以说拜占庭帝国在许多地区完全没有建立起军事和政治秩序。…在这场战争中，两大帝国以同样残酷野蛮的手段，耗尽了彼此的国力。…在穆斯林征服的许多地区，入侵者都因这些古老帝国的内部矛盾而坐得渔翁之利，也就是说，某些时候他们被当地人看作是解放者，或者至少是可以忍受的统治者。…与其敌视阿拉伯人，基督教不同派别之间彼此的敌意更加强烈，犹太人更是基督徒最为仇视的对象。在被征服者中，并没有人呼吁大家推翻新统治者。

穆斯林大征服期间，中东地区同时存在着五个基督教会或教派。

书籍介绍

Today’s Arab world was created at breathtaking speed. In just over 100 years following the death of Mohammed in 632, Arabs had subjugated a territory with an east-west expanse greater than the Roman Empire. They did it in about one-half the time. By the mid-8th century, Arab armies had conquered the 1000-year-old Persian Empire, reduced the Byzantine Empire to little more than a city-state based around Constantinople, and destroyed the Visigoth kingdom of Spain. The cultural and linguistic effects of this early Islamic expansion reverberate today. This is the first popular English-language account in many years of this astonishing remaking of the political and religious map of the world. Hugh Kennedy’s sweeping narrative reveals how the Arab armies conquered almost everything in their path, and brings to light the unique characteristics of Islamic rule. One of the few academic historians with a genuine talent for story telling, Kennedy offers a compelling mix of larger-than-life characters, fierce battles, and the great clash of civilizations and religions.